how to install ravvi font in win 7

Remove/disable write protection on Windows 10/8/7 with Diskpart command

 Remove/disable write protection on Windows 10/8/7 with Diskpart command

1. 1. Press Win + R > Type: cmd and hit Enter to open Command Prompt;
2. 2. Type: diskpart and hit Enter to open diskpart;
3. 3. Type: list disk and hit Enter;
4. Remember the disk number of your write protected USB, SD or hard drive in Windows PC;
5. 4. Type: select disk 0 (0 is the number of your write protected USB/SD/hard drive) and hit Enter;
6. 5. Type: attributes disk clear readonly and hit Enter to disable write protection on storage device;
7. 6. Close diskpart window once the write protection removing process is finished.

Assembling of A computer

Assembling of A computer

To build your PC from scratch you will need to purchase all the necessary hardware. The first thing you must consider before you start to shop around for your PC hardware is the specification of the hardware.

Below is a list of all the hardware required to build your PC 

Tower or Desktop case	Motherboard	Processor
Memory	Graphics Card	Sound Card
Modem	Floppy Disk	Hard Disk
CD-ROM / DVD ROM	PC Speakers	Monitor
Optional Extras
CD-Writer	ZIP Drive	TV-Card

The first thing you should do is unpack your ATX case. Take off the cover of your case so that you can access the inside. Place the case on a desk so that you are looking down towards the open case. Your case should come with motherboard mounting screws. If your ATX back plate it not already fitted you can fit it by placing your plate near the ATX back plate cut out and pushing the plate outwards, it should clip on.

Now place your motherboard on top of the mounting screw holes. Make sure your ATX devices on the motherboard such as PS/2 and parallel port are facing towards ATX back plate cut out. Gently push your motherboard towards the cut out, every devices should fit easily into its corresponding cut out, as shown below.

The screw holes on your motherboard should align with the screw holes on your case. Place your screws that came with the case into the appropriate holes and gently screw it on using a screw driver.

The motherboard is now securely mounted to the case. You can now place the ATX power connector to the motherboard. Your ATX case should come with a power supply unit (PSU) and should already be mounted to the case. The ATX power connector is shown on image below.

Place the ATX power connector on top of the power socket on the motherboard. Push down the power connector and it should clip onto the socket. If you try to fit the power connector the wrong way round, it won't fit, it will only fit one way. So, if the power connector does not go in, it should go in the other way round.

Locate the processor socket on your motherboard. I am installing an Intel PIII 866 processor on a socket 370 as shown on the following image. The installation would be slightly different if you have a different processor i.e. Slot1 PIII CPU, P4 CPU, AMD Slot A / Socket A CPU etc.

Raise the brown lever on the socket and slowly put the processor in place. You have to make sure the pin 1 of your CPU goes into the pin 1 of your CPU socket otherwise the CPU would not get into the socket, so don't try to force it in. It will go in gently if you fit it correctly. Now close the brown lever which will securely hold the CPU in place. If you bought a retail boxed CPU it would include a heatsink + fan. If you bought an OEM CPU make sure you got a fan that is correct for the speed of your CPU, otherwise your CPU will overheat and behave abnormally or could be damaged. Take off the plastic cover from the bottom of the CPU fan that covers the heat transfer pad. Now place the CPU fan on top the CPU and push down the metal clips on the fan so that it clips onto the CPU socket.

CPU fan has a power connector which needs to be connected to CPU fan power socket on your motherboard as shown on the image above.

Installing memory is quite simple. Find the SDRAM banks on your motherboard, they should look similar to the banks below. Notice the memory banks has a white clip on each side. Make sure you release the clips so it bends to each side.

Hold each corner of the SDRAM placing it on top of the bank 1. You will notice that the SDRAM has a cut at the bottom side, it is there to prevent the memoy going in the wrong way round. If you are holding the SDRAM the incorrect way you will not be able insert it. Gently push down the SDRAM and it should clip on to the memory bank. The two white clips will now become straight holding each corner of the memory. If you have more that one SDRAM perform same steps as above but placing the SDRAM in memory bank 2 and so on.

If you look at the rear side of an IDE hard drive it should look similar to the image below.

The IDE/ATA connector is on the left hand side which consists of many pins. Next to the IDE connector is the jumper setting for the drive. The jumper should be set to Master, which is the default setting for a new HDD. Any other device sharing the same IDE cable should be set to Slave. Different HDD has different jumper settings, please refer to your HDD manual for more information. On the right hand side, next to the jumpers is the power connector. Every device except FDD uses this type of power connector.

- ATA 66 Cable

Figure 2 - Power cable

Place your hard drive into the HDD mounting slot of your case, make sure the IDE/ATA connector is facing outwards. Screw the HDD to the case using screws provided with the HDD or the ATX case.

Insert the ATA 66 cable into the ATA connector of the HDD. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable is connected to pin 1 on the HDD connector. Pin 1 is the red or pink strip on the edge of an ATA cable. Most new IDE/ATA cables are designed so that it will only go in one way which will correspond to pin 1.

Push the power cable into the power connector as shown. The power cable is designed to go in one way, so you shouldn't have any problems.

Connect the other end of the ATA 66 cable to the primary ATA socket of your motherboard as shown. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable connects to the pin 1 on the ATA socket.

That's it you have successfully installed a HDD.

If you look at the rear side of your CD / DVD-ROM it should look similar to image shown on figure 1.

Figure 1

On the right hand side you have the power connector. Next to power connector you have the IDE connector. On the left hand side near the IDE connector you have the jumper settings for the DVD-ROM. The jumper is set to Master by default. However if you are sharing an IDE cable with another device like HDD, then you would have to set jumper to Slave, as your HDD would be set to Master. Next to the jumpers you have the CD Audio-Out socket. One side of your audio cable connects to this socket and other side connects to the sound card cd-in socket. This would allow you to listen to Audio CD's on your computer.

Figure 2

Mount your CD/DVD-ROM drive into its mounting slot. Use the supplied screws to screw the drive into position.

Figure 3

Connect the IDE cable to the drives IDE connector. Make sure the pin 1 on the cable is connected to pin 1 on the drives IDE connector. Pin 1 is the red or pink strip on the edge of an IDE cable. Connect the other end of the IDE cable to the IDE socket on your motherboard as shown in figure 4. Again, make sure you conncet the cable to pin 1. The IDE socket could be your primary or secondary socket depending which socket you choose. If your HDD is on the primary IDE socket and your secondary IDE socket is free, then it is better to use your secondary IDE socket for the CD/DVD-ROM.

Figure 4

Finally connect the power cable to power connector and connect the audio cable to the CD Audio-Out socket as shown on figure 3.

Most modern graphics cards are AGP based and connects to the AGP bus of the motherboard. An AGP bus (slot) looks like the following image. The brown slot is where you connect your AGP graphics card.

Place your AGP card on top of the slot and gently push it down. The card should firmly sit into position.

All you need to do now is to screw the metal plate on the front of the card to the ATX case. Use the screws supplied with case and screw the card to the case.

Find a free PCI slot on your motherboard (assuming your modem is a PCI modem). Place your modem card on top of the slot and gently push it down into position.

Once the card has seated correctly into position, screw the card to the case using the screws supplied with the case.

Now you have installed all the prerequisite hardware devices. You can either proceed to the finalising stage, or you may want to install optional devices like a ZIP drive, CD-RW drive or a TV-Card. If you do not want to install these devices you can now proceed to the finalising stage

Now that you have installed all the necessary hardware there are still few more things you need to do before switching on your PC for the first time. Your ATX case has a power switch which turns the PC on, a reset switch for resetting the system, a power LED which comes on when the PC is switched on and a hard drive LED which flashes when data is being written or read from your hard drive. You also have an internal speaker.

Figure 1 - Power and Reset switch

The switches and LED's need to be connected to its corresponding connectors on the motherboard. Please refer to your motherboard manual to locate where the connectors are. Different motherboards place the connectors in different locations. The connectors for the switches and LED's are normally grouped together. They should look similar to the image below.

Switch and LED connectors

Every cable is normally labeled, they are normally named as follows, but could be slightly different on your system.

Power switch	Power / PWR-SW
Reset switch	Reset
Power LED	Power LED / PWR-LED
Hard drive LED	HDD-LED / IDE LED
Speaker	SPK / Speaker

Computer Hardware-Intel desktop CPU sockets and slots

Intel desktop CPU sockets and slots

Socket or slot Description

Slot 1 242-pin 2.8V and 3.3V connector for Pentium IIs, IIIs, and Celerons

Slot 2 330-pin 1.5V to 3.5V connector for Pentium II and III Xeons

Socket 423 423-pin 1.7V and 1.75V for Pentium 4s

Socket 478 478-pin 1.7V and 1.75V for Pentium 4s and Celerons

Socket 603 603-pin 1.5V and 1.7V for Pentium 4 Xeons, and Xeon MPs

Socket 604 604-pin for Pentium 4 Xeons

Socket 611 611-pin 3.3V for Itanium 2s

Socket 755 755-pin for Pentium 4s and Celerons

Socket 775 775-pin for Pentium 4s, Celerons, Core 2 Duo, Core 2 Extreme, and Core 2 Quads

Socket B or Socket 1366 1366-pin for Core i7s

Table 2.7

AMD desktop CPU sockets and slots

Socket or slot Description

Socket A or 462-pin 1.1V to 1.85V for Duron and Athlons

Socket 462

Socket AM2 940-pin for Athlon, Athlon X2, and Semprons

Socket AM2+ 940-pin for Athlon X2, Phenom X3, and Phenom X4s

Socket AM3 940-pin for Phenom II X3 and Phenom II X4s

Socket 754 754-pin for Athlon and Semprons

Socket 939 939-pin for Athlon and Athlon X2s

          1207-pin

ATX power supply connectors

Connector Notes Voltage(s)

24-pin Main ATX power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, +12, –12

20-pin Main power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, –5, +12, –12

15-pin SATA connector +3, +5, +12

8-pin 12V for CPU +12V

6-pin PCIe video; connects to PCI video adapter +12V

6-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX; connects to the motherboard +3.3, +5

      if it has a connector

4-pin Molex Connects to peripheral devices such as hard drives and +5, +12

            CD/DVD drives

4-pin Berg Connects to peripheral devices such as the floppy drive +5, +12

4-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX or 12V; connects to the +12V

      motherboard for CPU

3-pin Used to monitor fan speed N/A

Figure 4.8 shows a few ATX power supply connectors.

Figure 4.9 shows the ATX power supply connectors. Figure

4.10 (on page 116) illustrates the compatibility between the

two ATX motherboard connector standards. Notice in

Figure 4.10 how the power cable is only one connector,

notched so the cable inserts into it one way only. This is a

Not all 24-pin motherboard connectors

much better design than older power supplies where two

accept 20-pin power supply connectors

connectors were used that could be reversed. Also, notice

You can purchase a 24-pin to 20-pin power adapter.

that a power good signal (labeled PWR_OK in the figure)

A Web site containing information regarding power

goes to the motherboard. When the computer is turned on,

supply form factors is http://www.formfactors.org.

part of POST is to allow the power supply to run a test on

each of the voltage levels. The voltage levels must be cor-

rect before any other devices are tested and allowed to initialize. If the power is OK, a power good sig-

nal is sent to the motherboard. If the power good signal is not sent from the power supply, a timer

chip on the motherboard resets the CPU. Once a power good signal is sent, the CPU begins executing

software from the BIOS. Figure 4.10 also shows the +5vsb connection to provide standby power for

features such as Wake on LAN or Wake on Ring (covered later in the chapter).

Tech

Tip

Power Supply Form Factors

4-pin CPU power connector

Figure 4.8

SATA power connector

115

6-pin PCIe power connector

ATX power supply

PCIe power

connector: 6-pin

Fan speed

monitor connector

4-pin floppy

power connector

Figure 4.9

4-pin Molex

power connector

Main power

connector: 24-pin

4

ATX power supply connectors

Tech

Tip

A high-quality power supply delays sending the power good signal until all of the power sup-

ply’s voltages have a chance to stabilize. Some cheap power supplies do not delay the power good

signal. Other cheap power supplies do not provide the power good circuitry at all, but instead tie

five volts to the signal, sending a power good signal even when it is not there.

The number and quantity of connectors available on a power supply depends on the power

supply manufacturer. If a device requires a Berg connector and the only one available is a Molex,

a Molex-to-Berg connector converter can be purchased. If a SATA device needs a power connec-

tion, a Molex-to-SATA converter is available. Figure 4.11 shows a Molex-to-Berg converter and a

Molex-to-SATA converter.

The power supply connectors can connect to any

Power converters and Y connectors are

device; there is not a specific connector for the hard

good to have in your tool kit

drive, the CD/DVD drive, and so on. If there are not

When a service call involves adding a new device,

enough connectors from the power supply for the

having various power converters available as part of

number of devices installed in the computer, a Y power

your tool kit is smart.

connector can be purchased at a computer or elec-

tronics store. The Y connector adapts a single Molex

connector to two Molex connectors for two devices. Verify that the power supply can

output enough power to handle the extra device being installed. Figure 4.12 shows a Y power

connector.

116

ATX power supply connectors

Connector Notes Voltage(s)

24-pin Main ATX power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, +12, –12

20-pin Main power connector to the motherboard +3.3, +5, –5, +12, –12

15-pin SATA connector +3, +5, +12

8-pin 12V for CPU +12V

6-pin PCIe video; connects to PCI video adapter +12V

6-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX; connects to the motherboard +3.3, +5

      if it has a connector

4-pin Molex Connects to peripheral devices such as hard drives and +5, +12

            CD/DVD drives

4-pin Berg Connects to peripheral devices such as the floppy drive +5, +12

4-pin Sometimes labeled as AUX or 12V; connects to the +12V

      motherboard for CPU

3-pin Used to monitor fan speed N/A

Figure 4.8 shows a few ATX power supply connectors.

Figure 4.9 shows the ATX power supply connectors. Figure

4.10 (on page 116) illustrates the compatibility between the

two ATX motherboard connector standards. Notice in

Figure 4.10 how the power cable is only one connector,

notched so the cable inserts into it one way only. This is a

Not all 24-pin motherboard connectors

much better design than older power supplies where two

accept 20-pin power supply connectors

connectors were used that could be reversed. Also, notice

You can purchase a 24-pin to 20-pin power adapter.

that a power good signal (labeled PWR_OK in the figure)

A Web site containing information regarding power

goes to the motherboard. When the computer is turned on,

supply form factors is http://www.formfactors.org.

part of POST is to allow the power supply to run a test on

each of the voltage levels. The voltage levels must be cor-

rect before any other devices are tested and allowed to initialize. If the power is OK, a power good sig-

nal is sent to the motherboard. If the power good signal is not sent from the power supply, a timer

chip on the motherboard resets the CPU. Once a power good signal is sent, the CPU begins executing

software from the BIOS. Figure 4.10 also shows the +5vsb connection to provide standby power for

features such as Wake on LAN or Wake on Ring (covered later in the chapter).

Tech

Tip

Power Supply Form Factors

4-pin CPU power connector

Figure 4.8

SATA power connector

115

6-pin PCIe power connector

ATX power supply

PCIe power

connector: 6-pin

Fan speed

monitor connector

4-pin floppy

power connector

Figure 4.9

4-pin Molex

power connector

Main power

connector: 24-pin

4

ATX power supply connectors

Tech

Tip

A high-quality power supply delays sending the power good signal until all of the power sup-

ply’s voltages have a chance to stabilize. Some cheap power supplies do not delay the power good

signal. Other cheap power supplies do not provide the power good circuitry at all, but instead tie

five volts to the signal, sending a power good signal even when it is not there.

The number and quantity of connectors available on a power supply depends on the power

supply manufacturer. If a device requires a Berg connector and the only one available is a Molex,

a Molex-to-Berg connector converter can be purchased. If a SATA device needs a power connec-

tion, a Molex-to-SATA converter is available. Figure 4.11 shows a Molex-to-Berg converter and a

Molex-to-SATA converter.

The power supply connectors can connect to any

Power converters and Y connectors are

device; there is not a specific connector for the hard

good to have in your tool kit

drive, the CD/DVD drive, and so on. If there are not

When a service call involves adding a new device,

enough connectors from the power supply for the

having various power converters available as part of

number of devices installed in the computer, a Y power

your tool kit is smart.

connector can be purchased at a computer or elec-

tronics store. The Y connector adapts a single Molex

connector to two Molex connectors for two devices. Verify that the power supply can

output enough power to handle the extra device being installed. Figure 4.12 shows a Y power

connector.

1

Troubleshooting Repair Common Computer Problems

Troubleshooting Common Computer Problems

Troubleshooting is the process of figuring out how to solve a computer problem. Even with the most updated software and hardware, occasionally computers can malfunction.

In order to solve a problem, you must figure out which part of the system is malfunctioning. You will need to check each component of the computer, unless it is obvious where the problem is coming from. Isolating the problem will help you solve the problem quickly. Knowing how to solve these problems with a shortcut perhaps using only a few keys on the keyboard can save time and effort.

Backing up your important computer files to another source will ensure that if your problem cannot be corrected, you will still have a safe copy of your information.

Basic Troubleshooting Steps

1.      Close open programs and windows you are not currently using.

2.      Make sure all of your cords are connected properly.

3.      Try to repeat the sequence of commands you performed before the problem occurred. See if this causes the same response by your computer.

4.      Press the F1 key to access the Help window. You can search for a solution to your problem once the Help window appears.

5.      If there is an error message, record the full message for future reference.

6.      Restart your computer to see if it clears the problem. To restart your computer, open the start window and select the Restart button instead of the Log Off button.

7.      If restarting the computer does not clear the problem, shut down the computer and then start it back up again.

8.      If the issue is still not resolved, check the common technology issues below or call your system administrator.

Common Technology Issues

Below we describe some of the most commonly encountered technology issues. Click on the issue to get more information on possible solutions to correct the problem.

·        The printer is not working.

·        The computer is frozen. A program is not responding.

·        The keyboard is not working.

·        New hardware or software is working incorrectly.

·        The mouse is not working.

·        The computer is slow.

·        The browser’s homepage suddenly changed.

Common Solutions for Technology Issues

Issue: The printer is not working.

·         Check if the printer is turned on. If not, turn it on and try again.

·         Check if the printer has paper. If not, put paper in the paper tray and try printing again.

·         Check if the printer has a paper jam. If so, remove the paper, close the printer, and try printing again.

·         Ensure that all printer cables are properly connected.

·         Turn off the printer and turn on again.

·         Check to see if a new printer driver is needed. Do this by going to the manufacturer’s website to search for your printer model and checking for any updated driver. Seek assistance from your system administrator before installing any drivers.

Issue: The computer is frozen. A program is not responding.

·         Push the Ctrl, Alt, and Delete keys at the same time. Then, start the Task Manager, highlight the program’s name, and hit the End Task button.

·         Perform a hard reboot by simply pressing the on/off button to turn off the computer manually. This action should only be done as a last resort if you have an unresponsive program or critical error. This process could cause data loss or corruption.

·         Once the computer is responding again, run a virus check.

Issue: The keyboard is not working.

·         Make sure the keyboard is connected to the computer. If not, connect it to the computer.

·         If you are using a wireless keyboard, try changing the batteries.

·         If one of the keys on your keyboard gets stuck, turn the computer off and clean with a damp cloth.

·         Use the mouse to restart the computer.

Issue: New hardware or software is working incorrectly.

·         Verify your computer meets the requirements of the program or utility.

·         Uninstall and install the program.

·         There could be a conflict with another installed program and you should contact your system administrator.

Issue: The mouse is not working correctly.

·         Check if the mouse is securely plugged into the computer. If not, plug it in completely.

·         Check to see if the cord has been damaged. If so, the mouse may need replacing.

·         If you are using a cordless mouse, try pushing the connection button on the underside of the mouse to reestablish a connection.

·         Clean the mouse, especially on the bottom.

Issue: The computer is slow.

·         Restart your computer.

·         Verify that there is at least 200-500 MB of free hard drive space. To do so, select Start and click on My Computer or Computer. Then highlight the local C drive by clicking on it once. Select the Properties button at the top left-hand corner of the window; this will display a window showing how much free and used space you have. If you need to recapture space:

-          Empty your recycle bin by right-clicking on the Recycle Bin icon (usually on the desktop), then selecting Empty Recycle Bin.

-          Check your mail files. Remove any large attachments and delete unused mail.

-          Images and videos take up a lot of space, so consider moving those to an external drive.

-          Remove temporary files from the Internet. To do so:

o   Click Start button | My Computer or Computer.

o   Click Open Control Panel at the top of the window.

o   Click Network | Internet |Internet Options.

o   Select the General tab and click Delete under Browsing History.

-          Perform a disk cleanup. To do so:

o   Click Start button | My Computer or Computer.

o   Highlight the local C drive by clicking on it once.

o   Select the properties button at the top left of the window.

o   Go to the General tab and select Disk Cleanup.

o   Once the Disk Cleanup finishes running, click on Clean up System Files; this will delete any unnecessary system-related files from your local disk.

-          Information in computer files changes often, resulting in gaps or spaces within the file. This takes up more space on the computer and can cause the computer to slow down. To reclaim these gaps in space, run disk defrag. To do so:

o   Click start | My Computer or Computer.

o   Highlight the local C drive by clicking on it once.

o   Select the properties button at the top left of the window.

o   Go to the Tools tab and select Run Defragmentation.

·         Old or unused programs that aren’t being used may still have components running behind the scenes when you start your computer, which can slow down the system. You can prevent these programs from running when you start your computer by removing unused shortcuts and turning off unused program services.

-   Remove unused shortcuts from Windows startup

o   Click Start button | Select All Programs | Click Startup

o   Right-click the shortcuts that you do not use and click delete

-   Disable unused program services

o   Click Start button | Control Panel | Administrative Tools | Services

o   For each program/service that you are certain that you do not need, click on the Service to highlight it, click the Stop link to stop the service from running, then double-click the service, choose Startup Type of Disabled, and click OK.

·         Run a virus scan to remove potential viruses that can slow down your computer.

Issue: The browser’s homepage suddenly changed.

·         This is a common symptom that a virus or browser hijacker may have infected the computer.

·         Try re-setting the home page to the default:

o   In Internet Explorer:

^§    On the Tools menu, click Internet Options.

^§    Click the General tab.

^§    In the Address box, type the Web address you want for your home page.

^§    Click OK.

o   In Mozilla Foxfire:

^§    Open the web site you want to set as your home page.

^§    Click the icon to the left of the web address and drag it to the Home button.

^§    Click Yes.

·         If the home page still reverts back to the “new” page, do an Internet search using keywords that include the name of the “new” homepage and the word “virus.” If there is a virus, this search may reveal more information on the virus and how it can be safely removed.

·         Run a virus scan.