Windows 10 Installation Step By Step in Hindi || Windows 10
Install
Windows 10 Installation Step By Step In Hindi – विंडोज10डाउनलोडऔरइंस्टॉल
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How to Upgrade Windows 7 to Windows 8.1 Without Losing Data
Basic Requirement – कुछमतहावपूणबातें
1 GHZ Processor
RAM 1 GB For 32Bit And 2 GB For 64Bit
Hard Disk – Minimum 16 GB
How Window 10 Install Kaise Kare Step By Step Guide
How to Run Multiple Linux Commands at Once in Linux Terminal
[Essential Beginners Tip]
If you use Linux, you know how useful the command line can be for
working with files, installing software, and launching programs. But it can be
even more efficient if you run multiple commands at once.
Combining two or more commands on the command line is also known as “command
chaining”. We’ll show you different ways you can combine commands on the
command line.
Option One: The Semicolon (;) Operator
The semicolon (;) operator allows you to execute multiple commands in
succession, regardless of whether each previous command succeeds. For example,
open a Terminal window (Ctrl+Alt+T in Ubuntu and Linux Mint). Then, type the
following three commands on one line, separated by semicolons, and press Enter.
This will give you a listing of the current directory ( ls ), find out which
directory you’re currently in ( pwd ), and display your login name ( whoami )
all at once.
You don’t have to put spaces between the semicolons and the commands,
either. You can enter the three commands as ls;pwd;whoami . However, spaces
make the combined command more readable, which is especially useful if you’re
putting a combined command into a shell s
Option Two: The Logical AND Operator (&&)
If you want the second command to only run if the first command is
successful, separate the commands with the logical AND operator, which is two
ampersands ( && ). For example, we want to make a directory called
MyFolder and then change to that directory–provided it was successfully
created. So, we type the following on the command line and press Enter.
mkdir MyFolder && cd MyFolder
The folder was successfully created, so the cd command was executed and we
are now in the new folder.
We recommend using the logical AND operator rather than the semicolon
operator most of the time (;). This ensures that you don’t do anything
disastrous. For example, if you run a command to change to a directory and then
force remove everything in that directory recursively ( cd /some_directory ; rm
-Rf * ), you could end up ruining your system if the directory change didn’t
happen. Not that we recommend you run a command to unconditionally remove all
files in a directory at once.
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Part of a video titled Shell Scripting Tutorial-61:
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How do you write multiple shell commands in one line?
GNU nano is a popular command-line text editor that is
included in most Linux distributions. Its interface is comparable to other
common GUI-based text editors, which makes it a popular choice for those who
find vi or emacs commands non-intuitive. This guide shows you how to use Nano
Text Editor Commands in Linux.
Why Edit Files in Linux Using Nano?
Editing files in Linux using nano is popular as compared to
other editors like Vim because nano’s GUI makes it very easy to edit, save, and
interact with your files. Other editors like Vim have relatively complicated
usage requirements like switching to edit mode in order to input text.
Nano Set Up and Basic Commands
Nano is included with many Linux distributions by default,
but you may need to install it through your distribution’s package management
tool.
How to Install Nano Text Editor in Linux
DebianandUbuntu:
apt install nano
CentOSandFedora:
yum install nano
Using Command Keys in Nano
When using nano, control characters orCTRL are represented
by a carat or power. For example, to cut
a line of text, press CTRL, then simultaneously press K. This sequence of
commands is represented as powerK in
nano.
Some commands use the ALT key in order to function, which is
represented by M-. A command represented as M-R in nano is performed by
pressing ALT, then simultaneously pressing R.
Note
By default, Mac
users use ESC as the ALT key in nano.
Using Nano to Create And Open Files in Linux
Create a New File using Nano
Enter nano without any arguments to open a blank file for
editing:
nano
This opens up a blank new file in your terminal, where you
can immediately make changes by entering text. Use the arrow keys to move the
cursor.
The top bar displays your nano version, the filename or “New
Buffer” for a blank file, and the modified status of the file. A partial menu
of available commandsandshortcuts is displayed at the bottom of the screen.
For this tutorial, enter the following text into a blank
nano file:
File: tutorial.txt
gatewaynano 1
gatewaynano 2
gatewaynano 3
gatewaynano 4
Save Your Work Using Nano
To save your work, use CTRL+O or powerO or “WriteOut”. Nano prompts you to
enter the name of the file if you are saving a new file. This saves the
document and leaves nano open for you to continue working.
In your open file, enter CTRL+O or powerO to save the text you entered above,
type in tutorial.txt for the filename, then press ENTER or RETURN to save the
file and continue.
Exit Commands for Nano Text Editor
Enter CTRL+X or powerX
to exit nano. If you have unsaved changes in your file, nano prompts you to
save prior to exiting. Otherwise, nano exits without any prompts.
In tutorial.txt, enter a fifth line to the file so that it
contains the following:
File: tutorial.txt
gatewaynano 1
gatewaynano 2
gatewaynano 3
gatewaynano 4
gatewaynano 5
Enter CTRL+X or powerX
to exit tutorial.txt. Nano prompts you to save your changes:
Next, enter Y to save your changes to tutorial.txt, then
press ENTER or RETURN to save the file and exit nano.
From your terminal, check the contents of tutorial.txt to
confirm that your new file has been created and saved as expected:
cat tutorial.txt
Linode nano 1
Linode nano 2
Linode nano 3
Linode nano 4
Linode nano 5
Save with Backups Using Nano
Use the -B option when starting nano to create backups of
the previously saved version a file when new changes are saved. Backups are
placed in the same directory as the modified file by default, or you can use
the -C option to specify a directory.
For example, to open tutorial.txt and save backup files to
the ~andbackups directory, exit nano and enter the following commands:
mkdir ~andbackups
nano -BC ~andbackups tutorial.txt
Now, when you save changes, you are also prompted to enter a
filename for the backup. Enter the original filename for the backup, in this
case tutorial.txt, to write the backup to a unique filename in ~andbackups.
Caution
When using the -C
flag, changing the backup filename causes nano to save the backup file in the
original file’s directory instead of the specified backup directory.
Open an Existing File Using Nano
To open a file with nano within your current working
directory, pass the filename as an argument:
nano filename
Note
If the file does
not exist, nano creates it when you save any changes.
To practice, open your tutorial.txt file:
nano tutorial.txt
To open a file in a different directory, you can provide a
path instead. To practice, exit nano or
powerX and create a new directory in your user home:
mkdir ~andlinode-nano-tutorial
Copy tutorial.txt to the practice directory:
cp tutorial.txt ~andlinode-nano-tutorial
Now open tutorial.txt from this new path:
nano ~andlinode-nano-tutorialandtutorial.txt
You can also open files with nano with the cursor at a
specific line. The following command opens tutorial.txt at line 3:
nano +3 ~andlinode-nano-tutorialandtutorial.txt
Or you can open files at a specific line and column number.
This command opens tutorial.txt at line 3 and column 8:
nano +3,8 ~andlinode-nano-tutorialandtutorial.txt
To open a file with nano as read-only:
nano -v filename
Open Configuration Files Using Nano
When editing lengthy files used to configure applications or
system utilities, start nano with the -w flag:
nano -w filename
This flag prevents nano from wrapping lines that are too
long to fit on your screen, which can create problems if configuration
directives are saved across multiple lines.
Edit Files Using Nano Text Editor in Linux
Cut and Paste Lines of Text Using Nano
To cut a line of text, enter CTRL+K or powerK.
To paste, move the cursor to where you want to place the
text and enter CTRL+U or powerU.
To cut multiple lines, use a series of CTRL+K or powerK commands until you have removed all
lines you wish to cut. When you paste them back with CTRL+U or powerU, the lines are all pasted at once.
Valid Shortcuts in Nano Text Editor
To open up a list of valid shortcuts in nano, enter CTRL+G or powerG to view the nano help text and use the
arrow keys to navigate.
Here is a full list of shortcuts orand their alternative
keys:
Note
The following are
the shortcuts for GNU nano 3.2. These shortcuts may differ for you depending on
which version of nano you are using.
powerG orF1
Display this help text
powerX orF2
Close the current buffer and Exit from nano
powerO orF3
Write the current buffer oror the marked region to disk
powerR orIns
Insert another file into current buffer oror into new buffer
powerW orF6
Search forward for a string or a regular expression
power\ orM-R
Replace a string or a regular expression
powerK orF9
Cut current line oror marked region and store it in cutbuffer
powerU orF10
Uncut from the cutbuffer into the current line
powerJ orF4
Justify the current paragraph
powerT orF12
Invoke the spell checker, if available
powerC orF11 Display the position of the cursor
power_ orM-G
Go to line and column number
M-U Undo
the last operation
M-E Redo
the last undone operation
M-A or power6
Mark text starting from the cursor position
M-6 orM- power
Copy current line oror marked region and store it in cutbuffer
M-] Go to
the matching bracket
powerQ Search backward for a string or a
regular expression
M-Q orM-▲ Search next occurrence backward
M-W orM-▼ Search next occurrence forward
powerB or◀ Go back one character
powerF or▶ Go forward one character
power◀ orM-Space Go back one word
power▶ or
powerSpace Go forward one word
powerA orHome
Go to beginning of current line
powerE orEnd Go to end of current line
powerP or▲ Go to previous line
powerN or▼ Go to next line
M-- orM-_ Scroll up one line without moving the
cursor textually
M-+ orM-= Scroll down one line without moving the
cursor textually
power▲ orM-7 Go to previous block of text
power▼ orM-8
Go to next block of text
M-or orM-9 Go to beginning of paragraph; then of
previous paragraph
M- orM-0 Go just beyond end of paragraph; then of
next paragraph
powerY orPgUp
Go one screenful up
powerV orPgDn
Go one screenful down
M-\ or powerHome
Go to the first line of the file
M-and or powerEnd
Go to the last line of the file
M-◀
orM- Switch to the previous
file buffer
M-▶
orM- Switch to the next file buffer
powerI orTab
Insert a tab at the cursor position
powerM orEnter
Insert a newline at the cursor position
powerH orBsp
Delete the character to the left of the cursor
powerD orDel
Delete the character under the cursor
Sh- powerDel Cut backward from cursor to word start
powerDel Cut forward from cursor to next
word start
M-T Cut
from the cursor position to the end of the file
M-J
Justify the entire file
M-D Count
the number of words, lines, and characters
M-V Insert
the next keystroke verbatim
powerL Refresh orredraw the current
screen
powerZ Suspend the editor orif
suspension is enabled
M-} orTab Indent the current line oror marked lines
M-{ orSh-Tab Unindent the current line oror marked lines
M-3
Commentanduncomment the current line oror marked lines
power] Try and complete the current word
M-: Startandstop
recording a macro
M-; Run
the last recorded macro
M-Del Throw
away the current line oror marked region
M-B Invoke
the linter, if available
powerS Save file without prompting
M-X Help
mode enableanddisable
M-C
Constant cursor position display enableanddisable
M-S Smooth
scrolling enableanddisable
M-$ Soft
wrapping of overlong lines enableanddisable
M-# Line
numbering enableanddisable
M-P
Whitespace display enableanddisable
M-Y Color
syntax highlighting enableanddisable
M-I Auto
indent enableanddisable
M-K Cut to
end enableanddisable
M-L Hard
wrapping of overlong lines enableanddisable
M-O
Conversion of typed tabs to spaces enableanddisable
M-M Mouse
support enableanddisable
M-Z
Suspension enableanddisable
Search Text Using Nano
To search for text in a document, enter CTRL+W or powerW. This opens a search prompt and a
submenu of search-specific commands.
To practice searching for text with nano, open the
tutorial.txt file you created in the Create a New File using Nano section
above:
nano tutorial.txt
Next, open the search prompt by entering CTRL+W or powerW, type in the word “nano”, then press
ENTER or RETURN. The cursor jumps to the first instance of “nano” in line 1.
To find the next instance of “nano”, enter ALT+W orM-W. The
cursor moves to the next instance of “nano” in line 2.
Find and Replace Text using Nano
To find and replace text, open the search menu with CTRL+W or powerW, then enter CTRL+R or powerR to open the “Search orto replace”
prompt.
In your tutorial.txt file, search to replace “nano” and
enter the replacement text “rocks”. Nano highlights the first instance of
“nano” following your current cursor position, and provides several options on
how to proceed with replacement:
Enter Y to replace the single, highlighted instance of the
searched term.
Enter A to replace all instances of the searched term.
Enter N to skip the highlighted instance of the searched
term and find the next instance.
Enter CTRL+C or powerC
to cancel the search to replace function.
Go to a Line Number using Nano
To go to a specific line number, enter CTRL+_ or power_ and enter a line number with an
optional, comma-separated column number. For example, enter 3,8 to place the
cursor at column 8 of line 3.
You can also find this prompt by opening the search submenu
with CTRL+W or powerW, then entering
CTRL+T or powerT.
Alternatively, you can jump to a specific line and column
when you first open a file with nano.
Spell Check Using Nano
Nano has a built-in spell checking feature, though it
requires installation of the spell package.
Exit nano if it is open, then enter the following to install
the spell package for your distribution:
DebianandUbuntu:
apt install spell
CentOSandFedora:
yum install spell
Once you have installed spell, you can use the nano spell
checking feature by pressing CTRL+T or
powerT while editing a file. For newer versions of nano, this command
opens an execute function submenu, from which you can enter CTRL+S or powerS to spell check.
Linux users normally edit configuration files with terminal-based
tools like nano and vim . If you want to edit a file graphically—even a system
file—the gedit text editor makes it painless and easy.
Launching gedit
To start gedit from the command line, type gedit and hit
Enter.
The gedit text editor will appear shortly.
Opening an Existing File
To open an existing text file click the “Open” button in the
gedit toolbar. You can also press Ctrl+O to open a file.
Opening a File from the Command Line
You can ask gedit to open a file as soon as it launches by
providing the filename on the command line. This makes gedit load the file so
that it is ready to be edited as soon as gedit appears.
gedit ana.c
Saving Changes to a File
To save your changes, click the “Save” button in the
toolbar. You can also press Ctrl+S to save the file.
Editing System Files
To edit a system file, you will usually need to use sudo
because the owner of the file is likely to be root. To be strictly accurate
you’ll be able to open a system file even if you don’t use sudo, but you won’t
be able to save any changes back to the file unless you have used sudo.
Explaining Soft Link And Hard Link In Linux With Examples
Soft and Hard
links in Unix/Linux
A link in UNIX is a pointer to a file. Like pointers in
any programming languages, links in UNIX are pointers pointing to a file or a
directory. Creating links is a kind of shortcuts to access a file. Links allow
more than one file name to refer to the same file, elsewhere.
There are two
types of links :
1.Soft Link or
Symbolic links
2.Hard Links
These links
behave differently when the source of the link (what is being linked to) is
moved or removed. Symbolic links are not updated (they merely contain a string
which is the path name of its target); hard links always refer to the source,
even if moved or removed.
For example, if
we have a file a.txt. If we create a hard link to the file and then delete the
file, we can still access the file using hard link. But if we create a soft
link of the file and then delete the file, we can’t access the file through
soft link and soft link becomes dangling. Basically hard link increases
reference count of a location while soft links work as a shortcut (like in
Windows)
1. Hard Links
Each hard linked file is assigned the same Inode value as the original,
therefore they reference the same physical file location. Hard links more
flexible and remain linked even if the original or linked files are moved
throughout the file system, although hard links are unable to cross different
file systems.
·ls -l command
shows all the links with the link column shows number of links.
·Links have
actual file contents
·Removing any
link, just reduces the link count, but doesn’t affect other links.
·Even if we
change the filename of the original file then also the hard links properly
work.
·We cannot create
a hard link for a directory to avoid recursive loops.
·If original file
is removed then the link will still show the content of the file.
·The size of any
of the hard link file is same as the original file and if we change the content
in any of the hard links then size of all hard link files are updated.
·The disadvantage
of hard links is that it cannot be created for files on different file systems
and it cannot be created for special files or directories.
·Command to
create a hard link is:
$
ln[original filename] [link name]
·
2. Soft Links
·A soft link is
similar to the file shortcut feature which is used in Windows Operating systems.
Each soft linked file contains a separate Inode value that points to the
original file. As similar to hard links, any changes to the data in either file
is reflected in the other. Soft links can be linked across different file
systems, although if the original file is deleted or moved, the soft linked
file will not work correctly (called hanging link).
·ls -l command
shows all links with first column value l? and the link points to original
file.
·Soft Link
contains the path for original file and not the contents.
·Removing soft
link doesn’t affect anything but removing original file, the link becomes
“dangling” link which points to nonexistent file.
·A soft link can
link to a directory.
·Size of a soft
link is equal to the name of the file for which the soft link is created. E.g
If name of file is file1 then size of it’s soft link will be 5 bytes which is
equal to size of name of original file.
·If we change the
name of the original file then all the soft links for that file become dangling
i.e. they are worthless now.
·Link across file
systems: If you want to link files across the file systems, you can only use
symlinks/soft links.
How to Know Wi-Fi password of all Connected Networks using CMD
How To Find Wi-Fi Password Using CMD Of All Connected Networks?
How to Find Your Wi-Fi Password in Windows 10
2 Ways To Find Out Windows 10 Wi-Fi Password
It’s not uncommon to forget your WiFi password as you only need to enter it once on your PC, and it will automatically connect to it when the network is near.
I personally use strong passwords (and you should too) for my WiFi and often forget them, but thankfully, Windows 10 makes it easy to view network password when needed.
If you don’t remember your WiFi password and need to give it to someone or use it on a different device, there are multiple ways to view it right inside your Windows computer.
Today, I am going to show your different ways to view the WiFi password. Each method is useful depending on your preference and how much access you have to the PC settings if you are not the administrator.
#1. Use Windows settings to view WiFi password
As I am the administrator of my PC and don’t have any restrictions, this is my go-to method for finding the WiFi password.
Here’s how:
From the Start menu, click on Settings and then click on Network & Internet.
In the Status section, scroll down and click on Network and Sharing Center.
Now click on your WiFi name in the View your active networks section.
When the WiFi Status window opens, click on Wireless Properties here.
Afterward, move to the Security tab and check the checkbox next to Show characters to view your WiFi password.
#3. Use a Power Shell command
Coming to a more advanced method – in the Power Shell, you can use a Network Shell (Netsh) command to view a bunch of details about your network, including its password.
Furthermore, you can also use this method to view the passwords of all the networks your PC has connected to previously. For example, if you want to know your office network password while you are home, you can do so using this method without needing to connect to the office network. However, this will not work if you have used the Forget option to forget a network’s details.
First, you need to know the name (SSID) of the WiFi network to use the netsh command. This isn’t an issue if you are already connected to the network as you can see the name, but it will be a problem if you need to see a previously connected network’s password. Thankfully, you can use a Power Shell command to see the list of all the networks you have connected to before.
Note: You can use these same commands in Command Prompt, too, if you cannot access Power Shell for some reason.
Right-click on the Start menu and select Power Shell from the list.
Here enter this command netsh wlan show profiles and press the Enter key. You will see all the saved networks name under the User profiles section.
Just copy the name of the network(s) from here so you could easily use it in the next command.
To know the password of any one of the saved networks, use the below-mentioned command and replace the wifiname part with the actual name of the network.
netsh wlan show profile "name=wifiname" key=clear
For example, in my case, the command will be netsh wlan show profile "name=SSID hidden" key=clear.
Once you press the Enter key, you will see loads of information about this network. Here in the Security settings section, the password will be written next to Key content
